Advances in understanding the graft healing mechanism: a review of factors and regulatory pathways

Grafting is a widely used technique for asexual plant reproduction, especially in agriculture and forestry. This procedure is used to shorten the seedling period, improve the structure of scion branches, and help plants adapt to difficult environments. Although grafting has numerous benefits, several obstacles remain to be overcome. The connection between scion and rootstock is regulated by various factors, including phytohormones and molecular mechanisms, which are crucial for graft healing. This review provides an overview of recent advances in the field of grafting, with a specific focus on the factors and regulatory pathways that influence graft healing. The ultimate goal is to aid understanding of how to achieve successful grafting between plants and create desirable grafting chimeras. We provide an overview of the latest developments in plant grafting, covering aspects related to morphology, physiology, and molecular biology. We also discuss research directions in polyploid breeding and long-distance transfer of small molecules in grafted plants.