Circulating Biomarkers, Fraction of Exhaled Nitric Oxide, and Lung Function in Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Tuberculosis

Background. Identification of proinflammatory factors responding to Mycobacterium tuberculosis is important to reduce long-term sequelae of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Methods. We examined the association between plasma biomarkers, the fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), and lung function among a prospective cohort of 105 adults newly diagnosed with TB/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in South Africa. Participants were followed for 48 weeks from antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation with serial assessments of plasma biomarkers, FeNO, lung function, and respiratory symptoms. Linear regression and generalized estimating equations were used to examine the associations at baseline and over the course of TB treatment, respectively. Results. At baseline, higher FeNO levels were associated with preserved lung function, whereas greater respiratory symptoms and higher interleukin (IL)-6 plasma levels were associated with worse lung function. After ART and TB treatment initiation, improvements in lung function were associated with increases in FeNO (rate ratio [RR] = 86 mL, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 34–139) and decreases in IL-6 (RR = −118 mL, 95% CI = −193 to −43) and vascular endothelial growth factor ([VEGF] RR = −178 mL, 95% CI = −314 to −43). Conclusions. Circulating IL-6, VEGF, and FeNO are associated with lung function in adults being treated for TB/HIV. These biomarkers may help identify individuals at higher risk for post-TB lung disease and elucidate targetable pathways to modify the risk of chronic lung impairment among TB survivors.