The application of microarray technology to neuropathology: Cutting edge tool with clinical diagnostics potential or too much information?

Microarray technology is a tremendously powerful method for simultaneously monitoring the expression of thousands of species of nucleic acids, usually cellular mRNA, producing a high-resolution representation of the genes encoded or expressed in a cell. As such, microarray technology has great potential for impacting research and clinical approaches to treatment. However, this complex technology has been challenging to apply as a result of difficulties discerning biologic variation from technologic issues, therefore slowing the application of the technology to human diagnostics. Nevertheless, significant advances in microarray technology, improvements that avoid potential pitfalls, and a wider spectrum of application are making this technology easier to apply. Indeed, microarray technology has provided valuable insights into mechanisms involving gene regulation and expression in Alzheimer disease, and it remains a powerful tool to identify biomarkers for disease diagnosis. Ultimately, the most robust markers will enable the application of more specific treatments particular to disease stages or subcategories. Currently, no widely applicable molecular test is available to identify those at risk for developing Alzheimer disease or those who have early markers of pathology but show discernible cognitive impairment. The progression of this technology will lead to earlier detection of the disease through enhanced understanding of disease onset and progression. © 2006 American Association of Neuropathologists, Inc.