Efficiency in banking of developing countries with the same cultural background: A novel distance function frontier model

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the bank efficiency in three developing countries, namely Angola, Brazil and Mozambique, aiming to infer differences given that they belong to the same cultural tradition. The underlying idea is to control for the cultural background, thus allowing the discussion on how different socio-economic and historical variables maybe impacting different levels of banking efficiency and returns to scale results within the ambit of these three countries. Design/methodology/approach: Due to the presence of latent inefficiency, the authors have to modify the technique to accommodate simulation by importance sampling; therefore, in effect, the authors use a local maximum simulated likelihood approach. Findings: The results reveal that Brazil has the highest level of output-oriented efficiency, followed by Angola and then Mozambique. The same ranking is observed in returns to scale, except that vis-à-vis technical change, Brazil and Angola rank first. Finally, inefficiency derived from technical change is highest in Mozambique, followed by Angola and then Brazil. Therefore, these results reveal that the countries with the highest degree of development are higher in efficiency. Originality/value: Previous studies have identified factors such as legal tradition, accounting conventions, regulatory structures, property rights, culture and religion as possible explanations for cross-border variations in financial development and economic growth. This is the first time banking efficiency is assessed in light of a common cultural background by selecting a group of countries that share the same language and colonial past. Since results are controlled for the same background, it is possible to affirm that the findings are purely related to scale size and economic/political background issues of each country.