Mechanism of conjugate electron transitions on the surface of a solid

The conjugate electron excitation (CEE) above the core-level thresholds of substrate atoms is a combination of the known electronic shake-off and shake-up electron transitions resulting in the location of excited electrons can at both vacuum level and vacant states near the Fermi level. The CEE satellites in elastic electron spectra provide the direct experimental data on the valence state structure of surface atoms and components of the adsorbed layer. The CEE control can be implemented as an additional option of the standard equipment for electron spectroscopy.