Role of reactive oxygen intermediates in cytomegalovirus gene expression and in the response of human smooth muscle cells to viral infection

Because cytomegalovirus (CMV) may contribute to restenosis and atherosclerosis and because smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are involved in these disease processes, we examined CMV-SMC interactions. Using confocal microscopy to identify a redox-sensitive fluorescent marker, we found that CMV infection of SMCs generates intracellular reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs). CMV also activated nuclear factor κB (NFκB), a cellular transcription factor, as demonstrated by increased NFκB binding to DNA (electrophoretic mobility shift assay). Antioxidants inhibited activation, suggesting a role of ROIs in CMV-induced NFκB activation. By using antioxidants to assess the role of ROIs in modulating virally mediated effects, we also found that CMV-induced ROIs (1) are critical to the transactivation of the viral major immediate promoter (MIEP) by its immediate-early protein IE72 (determined by cotransfection of an IE72 expression vector and a reporter gene downstream from the MIEP) and (2) are necessary for IE72 expression (determined by immunocytochemistry) and viral replication (determined by viral titer assay on indicator cells) following CMV infection of SMCs. Because ROIs, through activation of NFκB, can also induce expression of cellular genes involved in immune and inflammatory responses, the ROI response to CMV infection may also represent a parallel survival mechanism that has evolved in the host cell to protect against viral infection. We conclude that CMV induces intracellular ROI generation within minutes after infection of SMCs and then uses these ROIs to facilitate its own gene expression and replication. Conversely, antioxidants inhibit CMV immediate-early gene expression and viral replication.