Human Kininogens Regulate Thrombin Binding to Platelets Through the Glycoprotein Ib-IX-V Complex

We and others have shown that both high and low molecular mass kininogens are able to inhibit the thrombin-induced aggregation of gel-filtered platelets, indicating that the locus for inhibition resides in the heavy chain. The inhibitory site is present in domain 3, confined to the C-terminal portion of the region encoded by exon 7 (K 270 -G 292 ), and the minimal effective sequence is a heptapeptide (L 271 -A 277 ; Kunapuli et al, J Biol Chem 271:11228, 1996). Kininogens inhibit thrombin binding to platelets and thus inhibit thrombin-induced aggregation. The molecular mechanism by which kininogens inhibit thrombin-induced aggregation of platelets is unknown. Thrombin has previously been shown to bind to two receptors on the platelet surface, glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX-V complex and the hepta-spanning transmembrane receptor coupled to G protein(s). We now show that, unlike its effect on normal platelets, kininogen (2 μmol/L) did not inhibit the thrombin-induced aggregation of Bernard-Soulier platelets, which lack the GP Ib-IX-V complex, suggesting that kininogen interacts either directly or indirectly with that complex and restricts access by thrombin to this receptor. We further show that both recombinant K 270 -G 292 polypeptide and the synthetic peptide L 271 -A 277 derived from high molecular mass kininogen lower thrombin binding to platelets in a manner similar to monoclonal antibodies to or ligands (von Willebrand factor and echicetin) of GP Ib-IX. The anti–GP Ib-IX-V complex antibodies, TM-60 and SZ 2, can inhibit 125 I-high molecular mass kininogen binding to platelets. Conversely, kininogen could block the binding of biotinylated TM-60 or of 125 I-SZ 2. Kininogen inhibited the binding of biotinylated thrombin bound to a mouse fibroblast cell line transfected with the GP Ib-IX-V complex. These results indicated that kininogen binds to the GP Ib-IX-V complex modulating thrombin binding to platelets and the consequent platelet aggregation. Kininogen can thus serve as an important regulator of the early stages of platelet stimulation by thrombin.