Circulating Tumour Cells Predict Recurrences and Survival in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients

Background Patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are at high risk of developing locoregional recurrence and secondary cancers. Early prediction is crucial for improving outcomes. This study evaluates the prognostic and surveillance utilities of circulating tumour cells (CTCs) in post-treatment HNSCC patients. Methods Blood samples were collected from 154 HNSCC patients at baseline and follow-up time points and CTC was isolated with a microfluid device. Recurrence and death due to cancer were assessed during the follow-up period. Results In patients with HNSCC, the presence of CTCs at baseline was an independent predictor of recurrence (odds ratio = 1.55, p < 0.05) and death (odds ratio = 2.10, p < 0.01), even after adjusting for TNM or nodal stage. Patients with CTC at baseline experienced poorer survival outcomes (p < 0.0001). Additionally, our study found that patients with CTCs in a follow-up appointment were 2.5 times more likely to experience recurrence or death from HNSCC (p < 0.05) prior to their next clinical visit. Conclusions Our study highlights CTCs' potential as a prognostic marker for risk stratification in HNSCC patients. Early CTC detection enables precise risk assessment, guiding treatment adjustments and ultimately improving patient outcomes.