Cell-permeable peptide inhibitors of JNK. Novel blockers of β-cell death

Stress conditions and proinflammatory cytokines activate the c-Jun NH-terminal kinase (JNK), a member of the stress-activated group of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). We recently demonstrated that inhibition of JNK signaling with the use of the islet-brain (IB) 1 and 2 proteins prevented interleukin (IL)-1β-induced pancreatic β-cell death. Bioactive cell-permeable peptide inhibitors of JNK were engineered by linking the minimal 20-amino acid inhibitory domains of the IB proteins to the 10-amino acid HIV-TAT sequence that rapidly translocates inside cells. Kinase assays indicate that the inhibitors block activation of the transcription factor c-Jun by JNK. Addition of the peptides to the insulin-secreting βTC-3 cell line results in a marked inhibition of IL-1β-induced c-jun and c-fos expression. The peptides protect βTC-3 cells against apoptosis induced by IL-1β. A11-D retro-inverso peptides penetrate cells as efficiently as the L-enantiomers, decrease c-Jun activation by JNK, and remain highly stable inside cells. These latter peptides confer full protection against IL-1β-induced apoptosis for up to 2 weeks of continual treatment with IL-1β. These data establish these bioactive cell-permeable peptides as potent pharmacological compounds that decrease intracellular JNK signaling and confer long-term protection to pancreatic β-cells from IL-1β-induced apoptosis.