Arteriovenous fistula of the filum terminale masqueraded as a failed back surgery syndrome - A case report and review of literature

Background: The filum terminale arteriovenous fistulas (FTAVFs) are a very rare type of spinal vascular malformation. Clinically, these lesions could present with a progressive ascending myelopathy also called Foix- Alajouanine syndrome. Due to the rarity of these vascular malformation, some can be misdiagnosed, submitted to unnecessary spinal surgery, and even masqueraded as a failed back surgery syndrome. Based on the present case and related literature, we review all the cases with similar history and describe factors that should raise awareness for diagnosis of this spinal vascular malformation. Case Description: We present a case of a patient with a FTAVF at the level of L5-S1 that presented with a Foix- Alajouanine syndrome. He had been previously submitted to a lumbar decompressive laminectomy without sustained improvement. After the identification and surgical treatment of the vascular malformation, he had progressive neurological improvement. Conclusion: FTAVF is a very rare spinal intradural spinal vascular malformation that can be masqueraded as a failed back surgery syndrome. In these cases, signs of ascending myelopathy should prompt awareness and vascular voids must be carefully evaluated in MRI.