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The russian-mongolian relations in the second half of the 17 century

Vostok (Oriens), ISSN: 0869-1908, Vol: 2020, Issue: 1, Page: 54-67
2020
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Article Description

The article deals with the history of the relations between Russia and the Mongol khanates and principalities in the second half of the 17 century. Russian-Mongolian relations developed in three directions: with Luvsan Erdeni-huntayji, the last of the Altan Khans; with Tushetu-khan –and his brother Jebtszundamba-hutuhta, head of the Buddhist church in Khalkha Mongolia; and with Senge and Galdan Boshoktu-khan, the rulers of the Dzungar Khanate. Russia seeking to secure the newly acquired lands in Transbaikalia and the Amur River region as well as the security of the stockaded towns (ostrogs) built on these lands, would not interfere in the internal affairs of the Mongolian uluses and conducted peaceful policy towards warlike Mongolian rulers. In turn, Mongolian rulers sought to the alliance and cooperation with Russia in order to strengthen their position in the internecine struggle, to counter the pressure of the Manchu and to assure an access to the markets of Siberian cities. Mutual interest in constant contacts led to the lively exchange of embassies and the development of caravan trade. Embassy negotiations were, in general, of peaceful character and reflected mutual desire of the parties “to live in peace and harmony”. Futile claims of Altan-khan, and of Senge and Tushetu-khan to collect yasak (tribute) from local popula-tion under Russia were the only reason for controversy, which sometimes led to military clashes. Howev-er, those clashes did not interfere with the development of embassy and trade contacts. If to exclude the participation of the Mongols in the Manchus’ ten-month siege of Albazin in 1684–1685 and in the Tushetu-khan’s three-month siege of Seleginsk in 1688, Russian-Mongolian relations at the affected peri-od developed steadily and were peaceful.

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