The First Spatially Resolved Detection of CN in a Protoplanetary Disk and Evidence for Complex Carbon Isotope Fractionation

Recent measurements of carbon isotope ratios in both protoplanetary disks and exoplanet atmospheres have suggested a possible transfer of significant carbon isotope fractionation from disks to planets. For a clearer understanding of the isotopic link between disks and planets, it is important to measure the carbon isotope ratios in various species. In this paper, we present a detection of the CN N = 2 − 1 hyperfine lines in the TW Hya disk with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array. This is the first spatially resolved detection of CN in disks, which enables us to measure the spatially resolved CN/CN ratio for the first time. We conducted nonlocal thermal equilibrium modeling of the CN lines in conjunction with previously observed CN lines to derive the kinetic temperature, H volume density, and column densities of CN and CN. The H volume density is found to range between (4 − 10) × 10 cm, suggesting that CN molecules mainly reside in the disk's upper layer. The CN/CN ratio is measured to be 70 − 6 + 9 at 30 < r < 80 au from the central star, which is similar to the C/C ratio in the interstellar medium. However, this value differs from the previously reported values found for other carbon-bearing molecules (CO and HCN) in the TW Hya disk. This could be self-consistently explained by different emission layer heights for different molecules combined with preferential sequestration of C into the solid phase toward the disk midplane. This study reveals the complexity of the carbon isotope fractionation operating in disks.