Implicit Race Bias in Pediatric Patients: Understanding Patient Perspectives

Introduction:Implicit racial bias has been well studied in adults, including among orthopaedic surgeons, through the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Recent studies suggest implicit race bias is also present among children. Explicit racial preference has been studied in children through The Clark Doll Test since the 1930s. The purpose of this study was to determine whether implicit and explicit racial biases are present among pediatric orthopaedic patients.Methods:A prospective, cross-sectional survey was administered to pediatric orthopaedic patients aged 7 to 18 years at clinics in a tertiary pediatric hospital setting. The survey included a Clark Doll Test to determine whether pediatric patients expressed explicit bias, followed by a race IAT to determine whether pediatric patients expressed implicit bias. Preference and magnitude of implicit bias as demonstrated on the IAT was calculated using standard D-scores.Results:A total of 96 patients were consented and included in this study. Overall, pediatric patients demonstrated a slight pro-White implicit bias (M = 0.22) on IAT testing. Pediatric patients who identified as White or European American and Hispanic or Latinx both had the strongest pro-White implicit bias (M = 0.35). Patients who identified as Black or African American demonstrated no implicit racial bias (M = -0.13) on IAT testing. No notable explicit bias was observed in participants of any racial background.Discussion:This study contributes evidence that pediatric orthopaedic patients express implicit racial bias on IAT testing, with an overall slight pro-White bias. It also provides insight into the dissociation of implicit and explicit racial bias in childhood and adolescence.Conclusion:We encourage future research on implicit bias among pediatric patients in the orthopaedic community to provide a better understanding and possible solutions to bias-related challenges in health care.