Too Pretty to Protect ? Trade Mark Law and the Enigma of Aesthetic Functionality
TECHNOLOGY AND COMPETITION: CONTRIBUTIONS IN HONOUR OF HANNS ULLRICH, pp. 139 - 159, Josef Drexl, Reto M. Hilty, Laurence Boy, Christine Godt & Bernard Remiche, eds., Larcier, Bruxelles, 2009 (updated version)
2011
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Citation Benchmarking is provided by Scopus and SciVal and is different from the metrics context provided by PlumX Metrics.
Paper Description
Under European trade mark law, ‘functional’ signs, i.e. signs exclusively consisting of shapes which result from the nature of the product, are necessary to achieve a technical result, or give substantial value to the goods, are barred from trade mark protection with absolute and permanent effect, without the possibility to establish secondary meaning. While the rule may appear sound as such, its application in practice is problematic, in particular as regards the third ground for exclusion, which is often referred to as ‘aesthetic functionality’. The article traces the origins of that rule in US case law and its application in Europe. It is argued that the original aim of the functionality doctrine in its various forms, namely to foster and maintain efficient competition, has been lost out of sight. Instead of embarking on an analysis of competitive concerns, courts tend to focus their attention on elements of largely accidental character, like the attractiveness of shapes in the early stage of marketing. Against that, the position is endorsed that it should not be precluded forever that a shape, initially attracting customers by its pleasant appearance, will become a valid sign at a later stage. Instead of focusing on how the public, at a given point in time, perceives and evaluates a certain shape, the crucial test should consist of an analysis of the competitive potential of the shape at stake, considering to what extent its assignment to one particular right holder would be liable to impede, or even exclude, efficient and meaningful competition.
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